Quy trình & nghề nghiệpProcess & careers · BàiLesson 2/4
Installation and Construction Process
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Solar Knowledge HubQuy trình thi công lắp đặtInstallation process
Thi công biến bản thiết kế thành hệ thực. An toàn lao động và an toàn điện là nguyên tắc xuyên suốt bảy bước.Installation turns the design into a real system. Labour and electrical safety run through all seven steps.
- Cắt điện trước: kiểm tra đã ngắt bằng đồng hồ đo trước khi chạm vào bất kỳ thứ gì.De-energize first: confirm with a meter before touching anything.
- Chuỗi DC 600–1000V là nguy hiểm chết người: hồ quang một chiều không tự tắt.DC strings at 600–1000V are potentially lethal: DC arcs do not self-extinguish.
- Dây DC và dây AC phải đi riêng biệt: không đi chung một đường (NEC 690.31 · IEC 62548).DC and AC wiring must run in separate conduits: never share a run (NEC 690.31 · IEC 62548).
- Dùng dây an toàn khi làm việc trên cao từ 2m trở lên (TCVN 5308 · QCVN 23).Use a safety harness at heights ≥ 2m (TCVN 5308 · QCVN 23).
- Tiếp địa đúng chuẩn cho toàn bộ khung, rail và thiết bị (IEC 62548).Earth all frames, rails, and equipment to standard (IEC 62548).
Bản OCR tài liệu gốc bị mất chữ "Không", biến câu cấm thành câu cho phép. Câu đúng: "Không đi dây một chiều và xoay chiều chung một đường." Đây là lỗi đảo ngược ý nghĩa an toàn quan trọng nhất trong cả bộ tài liệu.The OCR source dropped the word "not", turning a prohibition into permission. The correct rule is: "Do not run DC and AC wiring in the same conduit." This is the most significant safety inversion in the entire original document set.
Giữ khe thoát nhiệt dưới tấm pin ≥ 10cm. Siết bulong và đầu nối đúng lực theo nhà sản xuất: lỏng gây nóng và hồ quang, quá chặt làm hỏng ren. Khi chạy thử: luôn đóng phía DC trước, kiểm điện áp rồi mới bật biến tần.Keep a ≥ 10cm air gap below panels for heat dissipation. Torque all bolts and connectors to manufacturer spec: too loose causes heat and arcing; too tight strips threads. Commissioning: always close the DC side first, verify voltage, then power the inverter.
Khi khách hỏi vì sao thi công mất nhiều công đoạn: phần lớn thời gian là để làm đúng an toàn và đấu nối chuẩn, thứ quyết định hệ chạy bền và không cháy. Đội làm tắt để nhanh tiết kiệm vài giờ nhưng đánh đổi bằng rủi ro về sau.When customers ask why installation takes so many steps: most of the time is spent doing safety and connections properly, which decides whether the system lasts and stays safe. A crew cutting corners saves a few hours but trades for long-term risk.
Installation is the phase that turns a design into a working rooftop system, and the phase where both worker safety and electrical safety matter most. This document presents the seven-step construction process, from preparation through commissioning, together with the safety rules that must never be skipped.
For: installation technicians and site supervisors, newcomers learning solar installation, and sales staff who need to understand the construction steps in order to explain project progress to customers.
Quick Summary
Installation follows seven sequential steps: materials preparation and safety, mechanical mounting of the racking, panel fitting, DC wiring, inverter and battery mounting, AC wiring, and system commissioning.
Safety is an overarching principle. Always cut power before starting work, use full personal protective equipment, and remember that DC strings operating at 600 to 1000 V are extremely dangerous.
One critical wiring rule: DC cables and AC cables must be routed in separate conduits, never run together in the same pathway. This corrects an error in the original source where the word “not” was dropped, reversing the safety meaning of the rule.
Seven Construction Steps
The complete installation process consists of seven consecutive steps. Step 1: Materials and safety preparation: gather panels, racking rails, clamps, connectors, the inverter, batteries, the electrical enclosure, and all personal protective equipment. Step 2: Mechanical racking installation: the approach differs between metal-sheet roofs and flat concrete roofs; always pay attention to waterproofing and torque bolts to specification. Step 3: Panel mounting: secure panels to the racking, torque clamps to spec, route cables neatly, and fix them with UV-resistant cable clips.
Step 4: DC wiring: connect strings using MC4 connectors, route cables to the DC combiner box, and install the DC circuit breaker, surge arrester, and DC disconnect switch. Step 5: Inverter and battery installation: mount the inverter and battery in a dry, well-ventilated location, protected from rain and direct sunlight. Step 6: AC wiring: run cables from the inverter to the AC distribution board, install the main circuit breaker and AC surge arrester, and if applicable, install the automatic transfer switch (ATS) and anti-islanding sensor. Step 7: Commissioning: close the DC breaker and verify string voltage, power on the inverter and verify MPPT tracking and output power, check system yield, verify battery charge/discharge operation, and monitor performance via the monitoring app.
Construction Safety: Non-Negotiable
Safety is a section that cannot be shortened. Before starting work, cut power and verify isolation. Use full personal protective equipment: hard hat, safety harness, non-slip boots, insulated gloves, and safety glasses. When working at height, a safety harness is mandatory at or above two metres in accordance with regulations. The racking, rails, and all equipment must be properly earthed to applicable standards.
Pay particular attention to the DC side. A string operating at 600 to 1000 V is lethal, and as noted in Chapter 01, a DC arc does not self-extinguish. Therefore, you must wire with correct polarity, measure the open-circuit voltage of each string, test insulation resistance, and ensure all connectors are fully seated before energising the system.
The OCR of the original source document dropped the word “Not”, turning a prohibition into a permission. The correct rule, consistent with the original image and with applicable standards, is that DC wiring and AC wiring must NOT run in the same conduit or cable pathway. DC and AC cables must be routed separately, per NEC 690.31 and IEC 62548, to prevent interference, prevent maintenance errors, and reduce fault risk. Because this error reversed the meaning of a critical safety rule, the correction is mandatory.
A few small but important installation rules. Maintain a minimum 10 cm ventilation gap beneath the panels for thermal dissipation. Torque every bolt and connector to the manufacturer’s specified value: under-torquing causes hot spots and arcing, over-torquing strips threads. During commissioning, always energise the DC side first and verify string voltage before powering on the inverter.
Sales Takeaway
When customers ask why installation involves so many steps and takes as long as it does, explain that most of that time goes into doing safety and wiring correctly, and that is precisely what determines whether the system runs reliably for decades without catching fire. A crew that cuts corners to save a few hours trades those hours for future failure risk and safety hazards.
The seven-step process and commissioning checks follow industry practice, with acceptance-test criteria per IEC 62446-1. The 600 to 1000 V DC string hazard warning is per NEC 690.7. The rule requiring separate DC and AC conduits is per NEC 690.31 and IEC 62548. This also documents the correction of the OCR error in which the word “Not” was dropped. The 10 cm minimum ventilation gap is per Solaracks guidelines. The 10–15° tilt angle for flat roofs is per Anern. The mandatory safety harness at 2 m height is per TCVN 5308 and QCVN 23.